May 15, · Structures have scant reinforcement and are often set on weak foundations. That's why 13 of 15 federal ministry buildings pancaked in the Jan. 12 earthquake — and why, in , 91 students and teachers died when their school in a Port-au-Prince suburb collapsed. The school's owner was convicted of involuntary manslaughter after admitting he The Impact Of Earthquakes On Human Activities Thanks for helping me and my friends with college papers! You have the best essay writers really. And it’s amazing how you deal with urgent orders! When I picked a 3 hour deadline, I didn’t believe you’d make it /10() Oct 31, · How Do Earthquakes Affect Human Life (7 Ways) 1) Loss of Lives. Loss of human lives remains the major consequences of earthquakes. The seismic waves generated from 2) Social impacts. The social impact on humans is one of the main effects of earthquakes. A strong earthquake destroys 3)
How Do Earthquakes Affect Human Life (7 Ways)
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Population growth and increasing urbanization in earthquake-prone areas suggest that earthquake impacts on human populations will increase in the coming decades.
Recent large earthquakes affecting large populations in Japan, Haiti, Chile and New Zealand are evidence of this trend and also illustrate significant variations in outcomes such damage and mortality levels.
The objectives of this review were to describe the impact of earthquakes on human populations in terms of mortality, injury and displacement and, to the extent possible, identify risk factors associated with these outcomes.
This is one of five reviews on the human impact the impact of earthquakes on human activities natural disasters. Data on the impact of earthquakes were compiled using two methods, a historical review from to mid of earthquake events from multiple databases and a systematic literature review of publications, ending in October Analysis included descriptive statistics and bivariate tests for associations between earthquake mortality and characteristics using STATA From throughthere were a total ofdeaths range ,, injuries range: ,,and more than 61 million people affected by earthquakes, and mortality was greatest in Asia.
Inconsistent reporting across data sources suggests that the numbers injured and affected are likely underestimates. Findings from a systematic review of the literature indicate that the primary cause of earthquake-related death was trauma due to building collapse and, the very young and the elderly were at increased mortality risk, while gender was not consistently associated with mortality risk.
Strategies to mitigate the impact of future earthquakes should include improvements to the built environment and a focus on populations most vulnerable to mortality and injury. Earthquakes were responsible for an estimated 1.
The magnitude 8. Earthquakes are usually caused by slippage on a fault due to built up friction between tectonic plates but can also be caused by the impact of earthquakes on human activities eruptions or manmade explosions 4.
The impact of earthquakes on human activities of earthquakes occur each year, though only a small proportion is strong enough to be felt and even fewer cause damage. Earthquakes occur at focal depths of km to just under the earth's surface, and the strength of shaking diminishes with increasing distance from the the impact of earthquakes on human activities source 5.
Earthquake magnitude measures the energy released by an earthquake and is described by the moment magnitude scale, which is a logarithmic scale, so that a magnitude 5 earthquake is about 10 times less powerful than a 6, and times less that a magnitude 7. A magnitude 2. Earthquake impact is assessed by the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale, which describes the severity of damages from the event on a scale from I to XII, with I being no damage and XII being complete destruction with no surviving structures.
Building design, geography and development indicators are important factors in earthquake vulnerability. The objectives of this review were to describe the impact of earthquakes on the human population, in terms of mortality, injury, and displacement and to identify country and event characteristics factors associated with these outcomes. This is one of five reviews on the human impacts of natural disasters, the others being volcanoes, floods, tsunamis, and cyclones.
The impact of earthquakes events was summarized using two methods, a historical review of earthquake events, and a systematic literature review for publications relating to the human impacts of earthquakes with a focus on mortality, injury, and displacement.
A historical database of significant earthquakes between and was created. Four publically available data sources were used to create the most complete possible listing of events, allow for inclusion of both human and geophysical factors, and enable cross checking. Two additional sources, the United States Geological Survey USGS Earthquake Hazards Program Global Database 9 and the Northern California Earthquake Data Center NCEDC 10 were used to collect information on specific earthquake characteristics coordinates, the impact of earthquakes on human activities, focal depth, additional information when available.
Earthquakes occurring in uninhabited areas that did not cause injury or death were removed. The final list comprised earthquakes occurring between and ; information on mortality, injury or displacement was reported by one or more sources in events. html for the database of earthquake events. Bivariate tests for associations between mortality and the following characteristics were performed using χ 2 categorical measures and ANOVA continuous measures : decade, World Health Organization WHO region, World Bank income level, gross domestic product GDPGINI measure of income inequalityfocal depth, and magnitude.
All covariates were significantly associated with earthquake mortality in the univariate analysis and were subsequently included in a multinomial logistic regression model to assess the adjusted odds of mortality at a given level as compared to events with no deaths. Analyses were performed using Stata Statistical Software, Version Key word searches in MEDLINE Ovid Technologies, humansEMBASE Elsevier, B. Following the systematic review, a hand search was conducted to identify relevant articles published after the initial search thru October One search was done for all the five natural hazards described in this set of papers.
This paper describes the results for earthquakes. The systematic review is reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. The key word search included natural hazard snatural disaster svolcano svolcanic, volcanic eruption, seismic event, earthquake scyclone styphoon shurricane stropical storm sthe impact of earthquakes on human activities, flood sflooding, mudslide stsunami sand tidal wave s.
The search resulted in 2, articles from MEDLINE, 3, articles from EMBASE, 5, articles from SCOPUS, and 2, articles from ISI Web of Knowledge. Results from the four databases were combined and duplicates excluded to yield a total of 9, articles. Title screening was performed to identify articles that were unrelated to natural disasters or human populations. Each title was screened by two reviewers and was retained if either or both reviewers established that inclusion criteria were met.
A total of 4, articles were retained for abstract review. Each abstract was screened by two reviewers and was retained if either or both reviewers established that inclusion criteria were met.
During the abstract review, included abstracts were coded for event type, timeframe, region, subject of focus, and vulnerable population focus. A total of 3, articles were retained for full article review. Articles discussing the impacts of natural disasters on human populations in terms of mortality, injury, the impact of earthquakes on human activities, and displacement were prioritized for review.
From this general review of articles specific to earthquake events meeting the aforementioned subject focus criteria were identified for full review. Upon full review, articles were retained that underwent standard data abstraction; seven that were identified as review articles Figure 1. Articles that focused on risk factors for specific types of injuries primarily crush injuries and renal failure or deaths were excluded because they did not provide insight on overall risk factors for mortality or injury.
Overall, An average of The frequency of events increased over time, which is attributable to improvements in reporting. The average magnitude was 6. Earthquake mortality increased in parallel with the frequency of events from the s onwards Figure 3. A rapid increase in earthquake-affected populations was observed afterwhich is likely a result of both improved reporting and population growth Figure 3. The overall impact of earthquakes on human populations is summarized in Table 3. Of the identified events, the databases recorded Notes: Best estimate figures are based on the average reported number of deaths or injuries in an event; homeless and affected populations were rarely reported by sources other than EM-DAT thus ranges are not presented.
Affected Population and Homelessness. An estimated These figures are likely to underestimate the true impact of earthquakes because the total affected and homeless populations were reported in only There were an average ofaffected median 3, range , and 46, homeless median 0, range , per event [where data were reported] and distributions were highly skewed. Mortality and Injury. When mortality data from the three sources were combined, information on deaths inclusive of events with no reported deaths was recorded in Deaths were concentrated in the Western Pacificdeaths, Injuries were reported in only To better estimate the total number of injuries, it was presumed that injuries would occur in events where deaths were reported.
When the median and mean for injuries were applied to the remaining events, between 29, and 1, additional unreported earthquake related injuries may have occurred between and Bivariate associations between country-level characteristics and earthquake-related mortality are presented in Table 4.
All predictors except for earthquake focal depth were significantly associated with mortality. In the adjusted multinomial logistic regression model Table 5only magnitude was significantly associated with earthquake mortality. World Bank development level, the Gini Index coefficient, and focal depth were not statistically associated with earthquake-related mortality.
The odds of a high mortality event as compared to an event with no deaths increased by The primary cause the impact of earthquakes on human activities death in the majority of studies was building collapse 16 - 202223252931333640 Females faced a significantly increased risk of death in three studies 193641 while several others found no significant difference in mortality by sex 18333866 none reported that males faced a significantly increased mortality.
Age was a risk factor for mortality in many studies. Older populations consistently had higher rates of death 1318202629333638the impact of earthquakes on human activities, 4166 and in several studies children also faced increased mortality 192933 A majority of deaths occurred indoors 13161922252942 often at home, and the rate of complete building collapse was a good predictor of crude mortality rates 3638 Construction materials were associated with increased mortality risk, including unreinforced masonry 22mud and stone walls 19concrete 15panel construction 13 and wood construction 161742 ; however no clear trend was observed across studies.
Location on the ground floor 2022 and upper floors 1523 of multistory buildings were associated with increased risk of death. Other mortality risk factors included earthquake intensity and distance to epicenter 31333844 the impact of earthquakes on human activities disability 41 prior injury or illness 29low socioeconomic status 41and being in a car Response and health systems characteristics associated with mortality risk included time to rescue 15per capita availability of physicians and hospital beds 33and prior first-aid or rescue training of lay, uninjured survivors 22 ; better availability of rescue and early emergency care could prevent a substantial portion of deaths Detailed information on injury was reported in 51 articles among which 42 included data on injury type, 30 on gender risk, and 31 on age risk Table 7.
Soft tissue injuries including lacerations and contusions and fractures were the most common types of injury reported 151623the impact of earthquakes on human activities, 2527294347515253the impact of earthquakes on human activities, 5658606267697071and the extremities were the most likely areas of the body to be affected 26the impact of earthquakes on human activities, 46505159 The proportion of injured by sex and, when combined, suggests a similar injury risk among males in females- Males accounted for the majority in eleven studies 1332434648505152537173 and females in sixteen 2326283234353945475456585962636570 However statistically significant differences were observed in a few cases, all of which suggested increased female risk 283945 Notes: Peek-Asa and Laverick, reported detailed the impact of earthquakes on human activities on injury but are excluded from the table because no information was reported on factors included in the table.
In the 30 year period between andapproximatelypeople died and nearly one million were injured as a result of earthquakes, with potentially an additional 29, to 1, unreported injuries. In this same period, While mortality estimates in the impact of earthquakes on human activities study are consistent with those reported by the impact of earthquakes on human activities sources 2 the numbers injured and homeless populations are likely gross underestimates given the low frequency with which these figures are reported.
Prior review the impact of earthquakes on human activities either focused on specific regions 6971737478the impact of earthquakes on human activities, a limited time period 7074 mitigation strategies 75 mortality only 75the impact of earthquakes on human activities, or individual injury and treatment Only one prior review used data from multiple sources Findings from this review, including descriptive statistics of and factors associated with earthquake mortality, are consistent with previous observations that earthquake mortality varies as a function of severity 7479place 12777980time 12and development level of the affected area 79 With respect to severity, greater focal depth was inversely associated with mortality, whereas greater magnitude moment scale was positively associated with mortality.
In terms of place, earthquakes were relatively evenly distributed across the Western Pacific, American and European regions, whereas the plurality of deaths occurred in the Western Pacific, followed by the Eastern Mediterranean region.
The largest numbers affected by earthquakes were in the Western Pacific followed by the South East Asia. As observed in previous studies, these findings are skewed by large events, such as the Pakistan earthquake that resulted in approximately 75, deaths 7980
How Much Damage Can An Earthquake Do?
, time: 3:345 Human Activities That Can Cause Earthquakes - WorldAtlas
May 15, · Structures have scant reinforcement and are often set on weak foundations. That's why 13 of 15 federal ministry buildings pancaked in the Jan. 12 earthquake — and why, in , 91 students and teachers died when their school in a Port-au-Prince suburb collapsed. The school's owner was convicted of involuntary manslaughter after admitting he Oct 31, · How Do Earthquakes Affect Human Life (7 Ways) 1) Loss of Lives. Loss of human lives remains the major consequences of earthquakes. The seismic waves generated from 2) Social impacts. The social impact on humans is one of the main effects of earthquakes. A strong earthquake destroys 3) Earthquakes induced by human activity have been documented at many locations in the United States and in many other countries around the world. Earthquakes can be induced by a wide range of causes including impoundment of reservoirs, surface and underground mining, withdrawal of fluids and gas from the subsurface, and injection of fluids into underground
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