Abraham Maslow () was an American psychologist who wrote extensively about human behavior, motivations, and needs. He is one of the most frequently cited psychologists of the 20th century, and is best known for creating the hierarchy of needs May 14, · Maslow's hierarchy of needs can be extremely important for those who create public policy. When working in government and public services, it is essential to May 12, · Impacts & Implication Of Hierarchy Of Needs Theory On HR Management. Advantages of Maslow’s ‘Hierarchy of Needs’ Theory. Maslow’s theory has a natural appeal, in which it can be adopted and implemented in an uncomplicated manner. Unique advantage of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is its perceptive insight into human nature
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Posted on February 12, by Malindi Arengo-Jones LLb MSc PsychOne of Thousands of Performance Coaches on Noomii. The humanistic approach in psychology of Rogers and Maslow hierarchy of needs essay. Self-actualization as the individual's potential within a synergistic society. The humanistic approach in psychology developed in response to the deterministic dominance of behaviourism and psychoanalysis prevalent in the United States in the s.
According to Rogers, individuals have an innate self-actualising tendency which can be promoted maslow hierarchy of needs essay inhibited by the environment imposed on them. Maslow emphasizes that certain basic needs must be satisfied before a person can reach self-actualization or fulfilment Maslow, These extrinsic and intrinsic drives underpin both personality theories, and frustration of the human tendency toward ultimate fulfilment, results in psychological maladjustment Robbins, This essay seeks to assess and evaluate the theories of Maslow and Rogers against the maslow hierarchy of needs essay of these criticisms and investigate whether their humanistic approaches to personality can answer the charges levelled against them.
To provide the framework for this discussion, it is first necessary to provide a fuller explanation of the two theories under examination. Personality theorists attempt to construct a concept of human nature and from this basic framework, a theory of personality. Maslow proposed that people are born with instinctive needs that help development and self-fulfilment which he described as instinctoid needs, arranged in a hierarchy of pre-potency and ultimately responsible for influencing human behaviour Malsow, By satisfying the basic, deficiency needs d-needsthe individual is able to focus on more social needs b-needs.
The satisfaction maslow hierarchy of needs essay one need will usually depend on the satisfaction of the previous more potent need. However, Maslow was aware that this would not always be the case. Behaviour is shaped by both personality and environment, including cultural and situational factors Maslow, An environment that promotes opportunities for spiritual development free from economic and material factors, will I turn promote the self-actualizing tendency to reach self-fulfilment.
The phenomenological field of subjective experiences, how a person perceives their experiences, rather than how they actually might be, is the most influential factor Rogers, A child growing up in this environment will engage fully in this organismic valuing process and successfully internalise self-positive regard producing a natural match in subjective self-perception and ideal self-perception Rogers, In contrast, development in an environment of conditional positive regard, where certain types of behaviour result in the withdrawal of parental love or harsh punishment, a child will learn to attach conditions of maslow hierarchy of needs essay to his or her behaviour and rather than internalising positive self-regard, maslow hierarchy of needs essay, the individual introjects these desired values.
The self-concept is then based on these introjected standards rather than organismic evaluation, maslow hierarchy of needs essay, disrupting the organismic valuing process and creating incongruence between the real and ideal self Rogers As a result, those experiences that are in accordance with these conditions of worth will be perceived and symbolised correctly in awareness, while those that are not will be distorted and denied into awareness causing confusion, tension, maslow hierarchy of needs essay, anxiety and maladaptive behaviour Rogers, The fully functioning person, with congruence between self and experience, is open to new experiences, expressed feelings freely, acts independently and trusts his or her own organism Rogers, While the development of personality is an ongoing process, it is also subject to possible change, but according to Rogers the key point is self-acceptance Rogers, As discussed briefly above, Rogers and Maslow take a holistic and phenomenological approach to personality in which mankind is striving toward self-actualization.
However, such emphasis on the self, free from reliance on others seems to promote excessive individualism and elitism, where only those growing up in the right environment with the ability to satisfy their basic needs, have a chance of self-actualizing Lethbridge, Rogers also emphasizes individuality and considers the infant to be the model of congruence and it is socialization that alienates us from our true selves Rogers, Conditions of worth that distort our perceptions of our experiences result from statements of ideals and social norms Maddi, It is arguable that the idea of self-transcendence that Maslow was not able to finish before his death, could have provided an answer to his seemingly elitist humanism Maslow, The concept of the individual self, as we have seen, is an integral assumption of the humanistic approach to personality, however personality traits are a dynamic and complex concoction interacting as a whole and what is positive for one person, maslow hierarchy of needs essay, may be negative for another Miller, This is particularly true of cultural norms and variability.
However, maslow hierarchy of needs essay, critics continue to assert that the individual cannot evolve synergistically without taking into account the culture in which they are embedded Pearson, Heinesfound that self-actualization is foremost a function of American Society, noting that North Americans tended to view themselves in unrealistically positive terms whereas Japanese tended to view themselves less positively.
Maslow proposed that his hierarchy of needs pertained to needs that were universally important and differences across cultures were superficial Winston et al. In contrast, critics suggest that such a generic approach to personality development endangers the rich complexities of human nature by applying an oversimplifying uniform formula May, ; Merleau-Ponty, Arguably, Maslow has instead created a framework within which one can identify significant goals and ideals without being lost in generality Robbins, ; Bortoft, Criticism relating to culture also focusses on the methodology of humanistic approaches.
Both Maslow and Rogers maslow hierarchy of needs essay be criticized for their sample base in their development of their personality theories. Maslow began his research by first examining those he believed encapsulated the characteristics of a self-actualising person and arguably creating a theory from an already bias starting point Acevado, However, he can also be credited with opening humanistic psychology to empirical study and assessment by recording his therapy sessions Ryckmann, maslow hierarchy of needs essay, An interesting parallel between Maslow, Rogers and culturalisation discussed above, can be drawn between innate self-actualising tendency and the inner state of perfection achieved by the enlightened person of Zen Buddhism and the sage of Taoism Chang, A similar framework plays out in Western culture Humanisitic and Eastern culture Zen Buddhism and Taoism.
Within the western culture of consumerism, the self-actualiser stands autonomous and free from the maslow hierarchy of needs essay or disapproval of others Maslow, If so, then how does Maslow account for any concept of evil that could underlie the characteristic of self-actualisers that allows them maslow hierarchy of needs essay transcend any feelings of guilt Acevado, ?
Shame and guilt provide individuals with a moral compass that indicates where repentance or reparation may be required Acevado, However, in the absence of such feelings, the self-approved self-actualiser can justify the ultimate end of evil rather than good sanctioning individualism and eradicating moral responsibility Acevado, Those who have reached self-actualisation, now find that they are motivated by meta-needs, maslow hierarchy of needs essay.
Meta-motivations underlie healthy functioning and include the need to know and understand the environment. In answer to the problem of unchecked evil tendencies, Maslow suggests that failure to realise these meta-motivations can result in pathogenic outcomes and each is associated with a pathology and metapathology. While Maslow provides self-transcendence as a buffer for any malign, immoral tendencies of the self-actualiser, Rogers would suggest that the therapy would offer the individual the unconditional positive regard that is required to ensure that personality development is redirected and adjusted to account for moral responsibility and regard for others Rogers, In this way, both theories are able to address, if not answer, the potential for narcissism and cynicism within the ideal human personality.
In conclusion, the personality theories of Rogers and Maslow cannot fully be covered in an essay of this length, however, some of the main criticisms of the theories have been addressed. Culture and individualism have been repeatedly raised as problematic, maslow hierarchy of needs essay, maslow hierarchy of needs essay if the theories of Maslow and Rogers are seen as frameworks to be used universally, then there is considerable scope for application outside the Western world, maslow hierarchy of needs essay.
The same can be said for the repeated criticism of unsatisfactory methodology. The idiographic approach of humanism creates a problem for ecological validity, but nomothetic approaches can be too generic. Rogers provided opportunity for the empirical study of his theory by recording his therapy sessions and Maslow has created the framework for scientific testing and both qualitative and quantitative analysis, by providing a set of characteristics that can be tested and measured across cultures.
These two personality theories have sought to provide an ideal that we are all innately motivated to maslow hierarchy of needs essay, the ability to take on the anxieties as well as the joys of life. Browse thousands of life coaches and business coaches in hundreds of cities. Noomii is the web's largest directory of life coaches and business coaches.
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Explained
, time: 12:14Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | Simply Psychology
May 12, · Impacts & Implication Of Hierarchy Of Needs Theory On HR Management. Advantages of Maslow’s ‘Hierarchy of Needs’ Theory. Maslow’s theory has a natural appeal, in which it can be adopted and implemented in an uncomplicated manner. Unique advantage of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is its perceptive insight into human nature In his paper “A Theory of Human Motivation,” psychologist Abraham Maslow proposed what is considered the classic theory of needs: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. [5] He proposed that people are motivated by five categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization Abraham Maslow () was an American psychologist who wrote extensively about human behavior, motivations, and needs. He is one of the most frequently cited psychologists of the 20th century, and is best known for creating the hierarchy of needs
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