Philosophy Professor Barbara MacKinnon (University of San Francisco), editor of Human Cloning: Science, Ethics, and Public Policy, began by discussing the distinction between reproductive and therapeutic cloning and the slippery slope blogger.com distinguished three different forms of this argument and showed that for each, pursuing stem cell research will not Therapeutic cloning would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants, and is an active area of research, but is not in medical practice anywhere in the world, as of Two common methods of therapeutic cloning that are being researched are somatic-cell nuclear transfer and, more recently, pluripotent stem cell Apr 07, · Remember that a topic choice can make or break your research paper. Choosing a topic of your genuine interest means joyful writing process and coming up with high-quality content. Interesting genetics research topics. Can dinosaur DNA be recovered? The possibility of cloning. Is there a correlation between human behavior and genetics?
Cloning Fact Sheet
Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with either identical or virtually identical DNA, either by natural or artificial means.
In nature, some organisms produce clones through asexual reproduction. In the field of biotechnologycloning is the process of creating cloned organisms copies of cells and of DNA fragments molecular cloning. Coined by Herbert J. Webberthe term clone derives from the Ancient Greek word κλών klōntwigwhich is the process whereby a new plant is created from a twig.
In botany, the term lusus was used. Cloning is a natural form of reproduction that has allowed life forms to spread for hundreds of millions of years. It is the reproduction method used by plants, fungi, and bacteria, and is also the way that clonal colonies reproduce themselves. Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genesbut it can also be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as promotersnon-coding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA.
It is used in a wide array of biological experiments and practical applications ranging from genetic fingerprinting to large scale protein production. Occasionally, the term cloning is misleadingly used to refer to the identification of the chromosomal location of a gene associated with a particular phenotype of interest, such as in positional cloning. In practice, localization of the gene to a chromosome or genomic region does not necessarily enable one to isolate or amplify the relevant genomic sequence.
To amplify any DNA sequence in a living organism, that sequence must be linked to an origin cloning research paper replicationwhich is a sequence of DNA capable of directing the propagation of itself and any linked sequence. However, a number of other features are needed, and a variety of specialised cloning vectors small piece of DNA into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted exist that allow protein productionaffinity taggingsingle stranded RNA or DNA production and a host of other molecular biology tools.
Cloning of any DNA fragment cloning research paper involves four steps [8]. Although these steps are invariable among cloning procedures a number of alternative routes can be selected; these are summarized as a cloning strategy.
Initially, the DNA of interest needs to be isolated to provide a DNA segment of suitable size. Subsequently, cloning research paper, a ligation procedure is used where the amplified fragment is inserted into a vector piece of DNA. The vector which is frequently circular is linearised using restriction enzymes cloning research paper, and incubated with the fragment of interest under appropriate conditions with an enzyme called DNA ligase.
Following ligation the vector with the insert of interest is transfected into cells. A number of alternative techniques are available, such as chemical sensitisation of cells, electroporationoptical injection and biolistics. Finally, the cloning research paper cells are cultured. As the aforementioned procedures are of particularly low efficiency, there is a need to identify the cells that have been successfully transfected with the vector construct containing the desired insertion sequence in the required orientation.
Modern cloning vectors include selectable antibiotic resistance markers, which allow only cells in which the vector has been transfected, to grow.
Nevertheless, these selection steps do not absolutely guarantee that the DNA insert is present in the cells obtained. Further investigation of the resulting colonies must be required to confirm that cloning was successful. Cloning a cell means cloning research paper derive a population of cells from a single cell. In the case of unicellular organisms such as bacteria and yeast, this process is remarkably simple and essentially only requires the inoculation of the appropriate medium.
However, cloning research paper, in the case of cell cultures from multi-cellular organisms, cloning research paper, cell cloning is an arduous task as these cells will not readily grow in standard cloning research paper. A useful tissue culture technique used to clone distinct lineages of cell lines involves the use of cloning rings cylinders. At an early growth stage when colonies consist of only cloning research paper few cells, sterile polystyrene rings cloning ringswhich have been dipped in grease, are placed over an individual colony and a small amount of cloning research paper is added.
Cloned cells are collected from cloning research paper the ring and transferred to a new vessel for further growth. Somatic-cell nuclear transferpopularly known as SCNT, can also be used to create embryos for research or therapeutic purposes. The most likely purpose for this is to produce embryos for use in stem cell research.
This process is also called "research cloning" or "therapeutic cloning". The goal is not to create cloned human beings called "reproductive cloning"but rather to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to potentially treat disease. While a clonal human blastocyst has been created, stem cell lines are yet to be isolated from a clonal source.
Therapeutic cloning is achieved by creating embryonic stem cells in the hopes of treating diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's. The process begins by removing the nucleus containing the DNA from an egg cell and inserting a nucleus from the adult cell to be cloned.
The reprogrammed cell begins to develop into an embryo because the egg reacts with the transferred nucleus. The embryo will become genetically identical to the patient.
The reason why SCNT is used for cloning is because somatic cells can be easily acquired and cultured in the lab. This process can either add or delete specific genomes of farm animals.
A key point to remember is that cloning is achieved when the cloning research paper maintains its normal functions and instead of using sperm and egg genomes to replicate, the donor's somatic cell nucleus is inserted into the oocyte. The process of cloning a particular farm animal using SCNT is relatively the same for all animals.
The first step is to collect the somatic cells from the animal that will be cloned. The somatic cells could be used immediately or stored in the laboratory for later use. Once this has been done, the somatic nucleus can be inserted into an egg cytoplasm. The grouped somatic cell and egg cytoplasm are then introduced to an electrical current. The cloning research paper developed embryos are then placed in surrogate recipients, such as a cow or sheep in the case of farm animals.
SCNT is seen as a good method for producing agriculture animals for food consumption, cloning research paper.
It successfully cloned sheep, cattle, goats, and pigs. Another benefit is SCNT is seen as a solution to clone endangered species that are on the verge of going extinct. For example, the cloned sheep Dolly was born after eggs were used for SCNT, which created 29 viable embryos. Only three of these embryos survived until birth, and only one survived to adulthood. The biochemistry involved in reprogramming the differentiated somatic cell nucleus and activating the recipient egg was also far from being well understood.
However, by researchers were reporting cloning success rates of seven to eight out of ten [15] and ina Korean Company Sooam Biotech was reported to be producing cloned embryos cloning research paper day.
In SCNT, not all of the donor cell's genetic information is transferred, as the cloning research paper cell's mitochondria that contain their own mitochondrial DNA are left behind. The resulting hybrid cells retain those mitochondrial structures which originally belonged to the egg. As a consequence, clones such as Dolly that are born from SCNT are not perfect copies of the donor of the nucleus.
Organism cloning also called reproductive cloning refers to the procedure of creating a new multicellular organism, genetically identical to another. In essence this form of cloning is an asexual method of reproduction, where fertilization or inter-gamete contact does not take place, cloning research paper.
Asexual reproduction is a naturally occurring phenomenon in many species, including most plants and some insects. Scientists have made some major achievements with cloning, including the asexual reproduction of sheep and cows.
There is a lot of ethical debate over whether or not cloning should be used, cloning research paper. However, cloning, cloning research paper asexual propagation, [17] has been common practice in the horticultural world for hundreds of years. The term clone is used in horticulture to refer to descendants of a single plant which were produced by vegetative reproduction or apomixis.
Many horticultural plant cultivars are clones, having been derived from a single individual, cloning research paper, multiplied by some process other than sexual reproduction. Other examples are potato and banana. Grafting can be regarded as cloning, since all the shoots and branches coming from the graft are genetically a clone of a single individual, but this particular kind of cloning has not come under ethical scrutiny and is generally treated as an cloning research paper different kind of operation.
Many trees, cloning research paper, shrubsvinesferns and other herbaceous perennials form clonal colonies naturally. Parts of an individual plant may become detached by fragmentation and grow on to become separate clonal individuals. A common example is in the vegetative reproduction of moss and liverwort gametophyte clones by means of gemmae.
Some vascular plants e. dandelion and certain viviparous grasses also form seeds asexually, termed apomixiscloning research paper, cloning research paper in clonal populations of genetically identical individuals, cloning research paper. Clonal derivation exists in nature in some animal species and is referred to as parthenogenesis reproduction of an organism by itself without a mate.
This is an asexual form of reproduction that is only found in females of some insects, crustaceans, cloning research paper, nematodes, [20] fish for example the hammerhead shark cloning research paperand lizards including the Komodo dragon [21] and several whiptails. The growth and development occurs without fertilization by a male. In plants, parthenogenesis means the development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell, and is a component process of apomixis.
In species that use the XY sex-determination systemthe offspring will always be female. An example is the little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctatawhich is native to Central and South America but has spread throughout many tropical environments. Hans Spemanna German embryologist was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in for his discovery of the effect now known as embryonic induction, exercised by various parts of the embryo, that directs the development of groups of cells into particular tissues and organs, cloning research paper.
In he and his student, cloning research paper, Hilde Mangoldwere the first to perform somatic-cell nuclear transfer using amphibian embryos — one of the first steps towards cloning. Reproductive cloning generally uses " somatic cell nuclear transfer " SCNT to create animals that are genetically identical. This process entails the transfer of a nucleus from a donor adult cell somatic cell to an egg cloning research paper which the nucleus has been removed, or to a cell from a blastocyst from which the nucleus has been removed.
Such clones are not strictly identical since cloning research paper somatic cells may contain mutations in their nuclear DNA. Additionally, the mitochondria in the cytoplasm also contains DNA and during SCNT this mitochondrial DNA is wholly from the cytoplasmic donor's egg, thus the mitochondrial genome is not the same as that of the nucleus donor cell from which it was produced.
This may have important cloning research paper for cross-species nuclear transfer in which nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibilities may lead to death.
Artificial embryo splitting or embryo twinninga technique that creates monozygotic twins from a single embryo, is not considered in the same fashion as other methods of cloning. During that procedure, a donor embryo is split in two distinct embryos, that can then be transferred via embryo transfer. It is cloning research paper performed at the 6- to 8-cell stage, where it can be used as an expansion of IVF to increase the number of available embryos.
Dollya Finn-Dorset ewewas the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell. Dolly was formed by taking a cell from the udder of her 6-year-old biological mother. It took attempts before an embryo was successful. She was born on 5 July but not announced to the world until 22 February Dolly was publicly significant because the effort showed that genetic material from a specific adult cell, cloning research paper, designed to express only a distinct subset of its genes, can be redesigned to grow an entirely new organism.
Before this demonstration, it had been shown by John Gurdon that nuclei from differentiated cells could give rise to an entire organism after transplantation into an enucleated egg. The first mammalian cloning resulting in Dolly had a success rate of 29 embryos per fertilized eggs, which produced three lambs at birth, cloning research paper, one of which lived.
The Story of Dolly the Cloned Sheep - Retro Report - The New York Times
, time: 13:40Biology Research Topics - Ideas for Students | EssayPay
Apr 07, · Remember that a topic choice can make or break your research paper. Choosing a topic of your genuine interest means joyful writing process and coming up with high-quality content. Interesting genetics research topics. Can dinosaur DNA be recovered? The possibility of cloning. Is there a correlation between human behavior and genetics? Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word cloning refers to the fact that the method involves the replication of one molecule to produce a population of cells with identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning generally The language used in an ethical research paper should also be prudent enough to prevent lawsuits. Ethics Research Topics Are Here! Ethical issues are all around us, and we cannot be ignorant of them. However, good ethical topics for a research paper require a
No comments:
Post a Comment